Cyclone Nargis lashed Burma on May 2, 2008, making landfall in the Irrawaddy Delta, 220 km southwest of Rangoon. This was a massive cyclone which would have been a challenge for any country to address. In all, some 140,000 lives are thought to have been lost, and at least 3.4 million persons were directly affected. Nargis hit Burma, a country under longstanding military rule, at a crucial time—just days before a national referendum on a new military-backed constitution was planned.
The response to Cyclone Nargis on the part of Burma’s ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), was profoundly affected by the junta’s policies, its practices toward its citizens generally, and by the political imperatives of the junta’s referendum priorities. The junta’s response was marred by failures to warn, failures to respond, limits on humanitarian assistance from independent Burmese NGOs and citizens, and limits on humanitarian assistance from international entities eager to assist. Furthermore, independent assessments of the Nargis response have proven to be challenging, while assessments done with the collaboration of the junta have reported little on the human rights situation for survivors and relief workers. Before the storm, military rule in Burma has also been characterized by widespread human rights violations, including the violent suppression of the ‘Saffron Revolution’ in 2007, and severe curtailment in social spending. The official government expenditure on health is about $0.70 per capita per annum or 0.3% of the national GDP, amongst the lowest worldwide. The health and social services situation is more severe in rural and ethnic minority areas. In February 2008, the SPDC announced that it would hold a referendum on its new military-drafted constitution on May 10. The constitution had been drafted in secret by military-appointed representatives without the participation of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD), winners of the 1990 elections which were never recognized by the regime. Against this complex and contested backdrop, the worst natural disaster ever to hit Burma made landfall. 
In response to reports of human rights abrogation in cyclone-affected areas, a collaborative group was formed which included the Emergency Assistance Team - Burma (EAT) and the Center for Public Health and Human Rights to conduct an independent assessment. EAT-Burma is comprised of local volunteers (many of whom are from cyclone-afflicted areas themselves) whose efforts are part of a larger ongoing effort of border-based social organizations which quickly respond to challenges, such as Cyclone Nargis, mobilizing through a network of other CBOs.With technical assistance provided by local organizations Global Heath Access Program and Karen Human Rights Group, two rounds of data collection were undertaken in the Irrawaddy Delta by the EAT teams: from June to September, and October to November, 2008. A total of 90 interviews were conducted in storm-affected areas (including in Irrawaddy Division) and in Thailand. Interviewees were 33 relief workers and 57 survivors. To date, this report is the only community-based independent assessment of the Nargis response conducted by relief workers operating free of SPDC control. Using participatory methods and operating without the knowledge or consent of the Burmese junta or its affiliated institutions, this report brings forward the voices of those working “on the ground” and of survivors in the Cyclone Nargis-affected areas of Burma. The report, After the Storm: Voices from the Delta, reveals systematic obstruction of relief aid, willful acts of theft and sale of relief supplies, forced relocation, and the use of forced labor for reconstruction projects, including forced child labor. The slow distribution of aid, the push to hold the referendum vote, and the early refusal to accept foreign assistance are evidence of the junta’s primary concerns for regime survival and political control over the well-being of the Burmese people. These EAT findings are evidence of multiple human rights violations and the abrogation of international humanitarian relief norms and international legal frameworks for disaster relief. They may constitute crimes against humanity, violating in particular article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and a referral for investigation by the International Criminal Court should be made by the United Nations Security Council.
One year following the destruction of the cyclone, Sean Turnell discusses the situation on the ground in Burma and the challenges faced by EAT and other community-based groups. Read | 
